Aggressive versus controlled fluid resuscitation in acute pancreatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#Early fluid resuscitation is one of the fundamental treatments for acute pancreatitis (AP), but there is no consensus on the optimal fluid rate. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of aggressive vs. controlled fluid resuscitation (CFR) in AP.@*METHODS@#The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched up to September 30, 2022, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing aggressive with controlled rates of early fluid resuscitation in AP patients without organ failure on admission. The following keywords were used in the search strategy: "pancreatitis," "fluid therapy,""fluid resuscitation,"and "randomized controlled trial." There was no language restriction. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework was used to assess the certainty of evidence. Trial sequential analysis (TSA) was used to control the risk of random errors and assess the conclusions.@*RESULTS@#A total of five RCTs, involving 481 participants, were included in this study. For primary outcomes, there was no significant difference in the development of severe AP (relative risk [RR]: 1.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.95-3.68; P = 0.07; n = 437; moderate quality of evidence) or hypovolemia (RR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.32-2.97; P = 0.97; n = 437; moderate quality of evidence) between the aggressive and CFR groups. A significantly higher risk of fluid overload (RR: 3.25, 95% CI: 1.53-6.93; P <0.01; n = 249; low quality of evidence) was observed in the aggressive fluid resuscitation (AFR) group than the controlled group. Additionally, the risk of intensive care unit admission ( P = 0.02) and the length of hospital stay ( P <0.01) as partial secondary outcomes were higher in the AFR group. TSA suggested that more studies were required to draw precise conclusions.@*CONCLUSION@#For AP patients without organ failure on admission, CFR may be superior to AFR with respect to both efficacy and safety outcomes.@*REGISTRATION@#PROSPERO; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/ ; CRD 42022363945.

Arterial partial pressure of oxygen and procalcitonin combined with ROX index predict the timing of tracheal intubation in patients with acute severe pancreatitis / 中华危重病急救医学

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the efficacy of arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), procalcitonin (PCT) combined with ROX index in predicting the timing of tracheal intubation in patients with acute severe pancreatitis (SAP).@*METHODS@#A case-control study was conducted. A total of 148 patients with SAP admitted to Hunan Provincial People's Hospital from January 2019 to December 2022 were selected as the research objects. According to whether endotracheal intubation was used after admission during hospitalization, the patients were divided into the intubation group (102 cases) and non-intubation group (46 cases). Gender, age, white blood cell count (WBC), lymphocyte count (LYM), platelet count (PLT), C-reactive protein (CRP), hemoglobin (Hb), PCT, PaO2, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), arterial bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) 1 day after admission, arterial lactic acid (Lac), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2), oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2), blood pressure, worst ROX index (ROX index = SpO2/FiO2/RR) within 30 minutes of admission and 30 minutes before intubation of the two groups were measured. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the independent risk factors for the timing of endotracheal intubation in patients with SAP. The receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC curve) was used to determine the optimal predictive cut-off value for endotracheal intubation.@*RESULTS@#There were no significant differences in age, gender, WBC, LYM, CRP, Hb, LDH, HR and blood pressure at admission between the two groups. The PLT, Lac, PCT and RR in the intubation group were significantly higher than those in the un-intubation group, and HCO3-, PaO2, SpO2, PaO2/FiO2, the worst ROX index within 30 minutes after admission and 30 minutes before intubation were significantly lower than those in the non-intubation group (all P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that the worst ROX index within 30 minutes before intubation was the largest negative influencing factor for the timing of tracheal intubation in SAP patients [odds ratio (OR) = 0.723, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was 0.568-0.896, P = 0.000], followed by PaO2 (OR = 0.872, 95%CI was 0.677-1.105, P < 0.001). PCT was the positive influencing factor (OR = 1.605, 95%CI was 1.240-2.089, P < 0.001). ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of PaO2, PCT, the worst ROX index within 30 minutes before intubation and the combination to evaluate the tracheal intubation time of patients with SAP were 0.715, 0.702, 0.722 and 0.808, the sensitivity was 78.1%, 75.0%, 81.5% and 89.3%, the specificity was 66.7%, 59.0%, 73.2% and 86.4%, and the best cut-off value was 60.23 mmHg (1 mmHg ≈ 0.133 kPa), 2.72 μg/L, 4.85, and 0.58, respectively. The AUC of the combination of PaO2, PCT and the worst ROX index within 30 minutes before intubation predicted the timing of tracheal intubation in patients with SAP was significantly greater than using each index alone (all P < 0.01).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The worst ROX index within 30 minutes before intubation combined with PaO2 and PCT is helpful for clinicians to make a decision for tracheal intubation in patients with SAP.

Síndrome de quilomicronemia familiar: experiencia pediátrica en Argentina / Familial chylomicronemia syndrome: pediatric experience in Argentina

El síndrome de quilomicronemia familiar (SQF) es unaenfermedad autosómica recesiva rara, con una prevalencia1:200 000 - 1:1 000 000, y se caracteriza por quilomicronemiaen ayunas y niveles muy elevados de triglicéridos (> 880 mg/dl). LPL es el gen más frecuentemente afectado, luego APOC2,GPIHBP1, APOA5 y LMF1; todos ellos comprometen la función de la lipoproteinlipasa endotelial. El SQF suele presentarseen la infancia con dolor abdominal recurrente, xantomaseruptivos, retraso del crecimiento, pancreatitis y, en ocasiones,asintomático. El tratamiento convencional es la restriccióndietética de grasas. Se muestra el resultado clínico de 20 pacientes pediátricoscon SQF reclutados de 4 hospitales en Argentina.

Familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS) is a rare autosomalrecessive disease, prevalence 1:200,000 - 1:1,000,000, andis characterized by fasting chylomicrons and very hightriglycerides > 880 mg/dl. LPL is the most frequentlyaffected gene, then APOC2, GPIHBP1, APOA5, LMF1, all ofthem compromising the function of lipoproteinlipase. FCScommonly presents in childhood with recurrent abdominalpain, eruptive xanthomas, failure to thrive, pancreatitis, andsometimes asymptomatic. The conventional treatment isdietetic fat restriction. The clinical outcome of 20 pediatric patients with FCS recruited from 4 hospitals in Argentina is reported.

Nutrición vía oral precoz en pancreatitis aguda: estudio de cohorte / Early oral nutrition in acute pancreatitis: cohort study

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar si la nutrición vía oral precoz (NVOP) disminuye la estancia hospitalaria y no se asocia a mayor reactivación de pancreatitis aguda (PA), ni a deterioro del pronóstico. Materiales y Método: Cohorte prospectiva de pacientes con PA, a los cuales se les aplicó un protocolo de NVOP y se evaluó tolerancia, tiempo de realimentación, estancia hospitalaria, reactivación de PA, complicaciones locales y necesidad de cama en unidad de cuidado crítico. Comparamos resultados entre pacientes que toleraron y no toleraron dicho protocolo. Resultados: Incluimos 65 pacientes, 69,2% de género femenino. El 49,3% presentó pancreatitis aguda grave (PAG) y 90,8% toleró protocolo de NVOP, con promedio de estancia hospitalaria de 13,3 ± 5 días vs. 19 ± 8,2 días en quienes no toleraron (p = 0,0177). Hubo reactivación de PA en 1 (1,5%) paciente sin tener relación con el protocolo. No hubo necesidad de cama UTI/UCI, ni mortalidad. Nueve pacientes fueron excluidos por no cumplir criterios para iniciar o mantener protocolo. Discusión: La PA es motivo frecuente de consulta en los servicios de urgencia de nuestro país, por lo que lograr una estandarización en la terapia nutricional resulta de mucha importancia para disminuir la morbimortalidad. Nuestros resultados son comparables con estudios internacionales que apoyan la nutrición enteral precoz. Conclusión: La tolerancia a la NVOP en el tratamiento de la PA, se asocia a menor estancia hospitalaria, menor tasa de reactivación de PA, menos complicaciones locales y sin aumentar la mortalidad, en relación con los que no toleran la NVOP.

Aim: To determínate if the tolerance to early oral nutrition (NVOP) decreases hospital stay and is not associated with greater reactivation of acute pancreatitis (AP) or worst prognosis compared to patients that did not tolerate NVOP protocol. Materials and Method: A prospective cohort of patients with AP who NVOP protocol was applied then we evaluated protocol tolerance, feedback time, hospital stay, AP reactivation, presence of local complications, and need for bed in critical care unit. The results were compared between patients who tolerate and did not tolerate this protocol. Results: 65 patients were included, 69.2% female. 49.3% presented severe acute pancreatitis (PAG) and 90.8% tolerated the NVOP protocol, with a mean hospital stay of 13.3 ± 5 days vs. 19 ± 8.2 days in those who did not tolerate it (p = 0,0177). There was reactivation of AP in 1 (1.5%) patient without relation to the protocol. Nine patients were excluded, because they did not achieve criteria to start or maintain protocol. Discussion: The AP is a frequent reason for consultation in the emergency services of our country, so achieving standardization in nutritional therapy is of great importance to reduce morbidity and mortality. Our results are comparable with international studies supporting early enteral nutrition. Conclusion: The tolerance to NVOP as treatment of AP it is associated with shorter hospital stay, and is not related to a higher rate of reactivation of AP, local complications, or increased mortality compared to the patients who did not tolerate this protocol.

Pancreatitis aguda en niños con enfermedades hematooncológicas: aspectos clínicos y tratamiento / Acute pancreatitis in children with hemato-oncological diseases: clinical aspects and treatment

Resumen La pancreatitis aguda es una enfermedad inflamatoria del páncreas. Se observa con mayor frecuencia en niños bajo tratamiento por alguna enfermedad hematooncológica y se asocia principalmente con la administración de L-asparaginasa. Identificar esta complicación de forma temprana y establecer un plan terapéutico adecuado puede mejorar el pronóstico y reducir el riesgo de otras complicaciones. En este trabajo se realizó una revisión crítica de la literatura actual, con especial énfasis en los aspectos clínicos, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la pancreatitis aguda en niños con cáncer.

Abstract Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas. It is currently seen more frequently in children undergoing treatment for a hemato-oncological disease and it is mainly associated with the administration of L-asparaginase. The early identification of this complication and the establishment of an appropriate therapeutic plan can improve its prognosis and reduce the risk of other complications. In this article, we make a critical review of the current literature, with special emphasis on the clinical aspects, diagnosis, and treatment of acute pancreatitis in children with cancer.

Aceitação das mudanças no manejo dos pacientes com pancreatite aguda após a revisão da Classificação de Atlanta / The acceptance of changes in the management of patients with acute pancreatitis after the revised atlanta classification

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: New recommendations for the management of patients with acute pancreatitis were set after the Atlanta Classification was revised in 2012. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present systematic review is to assess whether these recommendations have already been accepted and implemented in daily medical practices. METHODS: A systematic literature review was carried out in studies conducted with humans and published in English and Portuguese language from 10/25/2012 to 11/30/2018. The search was conducted in databases such as PubMed/Medline, Cochrane and SciELO, based on the following descriptors/Boolean operator: "Acute pancreatitis" AND "Atlanta". Only Randomized Clinical Trials comprising some recommendations released after the revised Atlanta Classification in 2012 were included in the study. RESULTS: Eighty-nine studies were selected and considered valid after inclusion, exclusion and qualitative evaluation criteria application. These studies were stratified as to whether, or not, they applied the recommendations suggested after the Atlanta Classification revision. Based on the results, 68.5% of the studies applied the recommendations, with emphasis on the application of severity classification (mild, moderately severe, severe); 16.4% of them were North-American and 14.7% were Chinese. The remaining 31.5% just focused on comparing or validating the severity classification. CONCLUSION: Few studies have disclosed any form of acceptance or practice of these recommendations, despite the US and Chinese efforts. The lack of incorporation of these recommendations didn't enable harnessing the benefits of their application in the clinical practice (particularly the improvement of the communication among health professionals and directly association with the worst prognoses); thus, it is necessary mobilizing the international medical community in order to change this scenario.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Após a revisão da Classificação de Atlanta, em 2012, foram estabelecidas novas recomendações no manejo dos pacientes com pancreatite aguda. OBJETIVO: Objetiva-se avaliar o grau de aceitação e implementação dessas recomendações na prática clínica. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada revisão sistemática da literatura com auxílio das bases: PubMed/Medline, Cochrane e SciELO, por meio de busca de estudos em humanos, publicados em inglês e português, no período de 25/10/2012 até 30/11/2018, utilizando os descritores e operador booleano: "Acute pancreatitis" E "Atlanta". Foram incluídos apenas estudos do tipo Ensaios Clínicos Randomizados que avaliaram alguma recomendação relacionada a revisão da Classificação de Atlanta após 2012. RESULTADOS: Foram selecionados 89 estudos após aplicação dos critérios de inclusão, exclusão e avaliação qualitativa. Esses foram estratificados quanto à aplicação ou não das recomendações propostas após a revisão da Classificação de Atlanta. Verificou-se que 68,5% dos estudos aplicaram essas recomendações, principalmente, na classificação da gravidade dos pacientes (leve, moderadamente grave, grave). Desses 16,4% eram estudos de origem norte-americana e 14,7% chineses. Os outros 31,5% limitaram-se a comparar ou apenas validar essa classificação de gravidade. CONCLUSÃO: Poucos estudos divulgaram alguma forma de implementação das novas recomendações, apesar dos esforços norte-americanos e chineses. A falta da aparente incorporação dessas recomendações na prática clínica, não permitiu o aproveitamento de suas vantagens (principalmente a melhora da comunicação entre os profissionais e estabelecimento da classificação e identificação precoce dos pacientes mais graves), sendo necessário toda a comunidade médica internacional se mobilizar de alguma forma para mudar esse cenário.

Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of acute pancreatitis in China (2021) / 中华外科杂志

Acute pancreatitis is a common acute abdomen of the digestive system. In recent years,great progress has been made in the diagnosis and treatment concepts,methods and strategies of acute pancreatitis,which plays an important role in promoting the standardization of acute pancreatitis management and improving the level of patient treatment. Based on the previous guidelines and expert consensus,this guideline adopts an evidence-based and problem-oriented presentation in a way. Comprehensive analysis of the data of important domestic and foreign clinical research in the past 5 years,29 recommendations are formed after multi-disciplinary expert discussion which including diagnosis,treatments and follow-up,with the expectation of providing evidence support for clinical practice of acute pancreatitis in China.

Pancreatitis aguda. Diagnóstico y enfrentamiento inicial en la práctica clínica / Acute pancreatitis. Diagnosis and initial approach in clinical practice

Acute pancreatitis is a prevalent disease, with variable clinical course: several patients recover quickly and uneventfully, while others require treatment in critical care units with long hospital stay and even with a considerable mortality. The patient's symptoms, laboratory tests and radiological images allow diagnosis without major difficulties. However, early identification of more severe cases can be difficult, and it determines the adequate selection of the hospitalization unit and the quick initiation of the appropriate therapy. In this paper we give some practical treatment guidelines for the everyday clinical practice: immediate severity stratification, fluid replacement and pain control. Early enteral nutrition, monitorization of severe cases in critical care units, adequate therapeutic but no prophylactic use of antibiotics assures the best treatment results. (AU)

Hipertrigliceridemia severa refractaria a tratamiento médico y pancreatitis aguda recurrente: uso de plasmaféresis crónica ambulatoria en el Hospital San Pablo de Coquimbo. Reporte de un caso

Severe Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is associated with complications such as acute pancreatitis (AP) with high morbidity and mortality rates. We report a 42 years-old man with refractory HTG diagnosed at 19 years of age, and multiple episodes of AP, admitted with the suspicion of a new AP episode. Serum triglycerides were over 2000 mg/dl. His body mass index was 18 kg/m2, there was no evidence of xanthomas or xanthelasmas, but lipemia retinalis was found. Management included heparin and insulin, added to his usual treatment with fibrates, statins, omega-3 fatty acids, and orlistat. Due to lack of response, apheresis was started. After five sessions, triglycerides decreased to 588 mg/dl (82% reduction) and levels remained below 1000 mg/dl with daily apheresis. The patient continued with weekly sessions as outpatient with a sustained good response.

Controversias en la terapia nutricional de la pancreatitis aguda grave / Controversies in nutrition therapy of severe acute pancreatitis

La clasificación de la severidad de la pancreatitis aguda ha cambiado con la actualización de Atlanta del 2012. Las recomendaciones de terapia nutricional en los casos de pancreatitis aguda grave no están sustentadas en estudios con alto nivel de evidencia, en los estudios se incluyen pacientes con los diferentes grados de severidad, se usa la clasificación de Atlanta 2002 para definir la pancreatitis aguda grave y, en la mayoría de los estudios experimentales, los controles son pacientes con nutrición parenteral. Se realiza una revisión narrativa de la evidencia actual publicada, analizando las características clínico epidemiológica de los pacientes y los resultados obtenidos. Así, se proponen características que deben ser consideradas en estudios futuros sobre el tema.

The classification of the severity of acute pancreatitis has changed with respect to the Atlanta update of 2012. The recommendations for nutritional therapy in cases of severe acute pancreatitis are not supported by high-level studies, as studies contain a mix of patients with different degrees of severity. The Atlanta 2002 classification is used to define severe acute pancreatitis and, in most of experimental studies, controls are patients with parenteral nutrition. A narrative review of the current published evidence is carried out analyzing the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the patients in these results and characteristics to be included in future studies are proposed.

Perfil clínico y resultados de la pancreatitis aguda en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos e Intermedios de un hospital general / Clinical profile and results of acute pancreatitis in the Intensive and Intermediate Care Unit of a general hospital

RESUMEN La pancreatitis aguda (PA) es un proceso inflamatorio agudo del páncreas que, de acuerdo con la clasificación de Atlanta del 2012, puede ser leve, moderada o grave. Objetivo: Describir las características epidemiológicas, clínicas, terapéuticas y los resultados de pacientes con PA ingresados a la unidad de cuidados intensivos e intermedios de un hospital general y compararlos con los descritos en la literatura nacional e internacional. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional de pacientes con PA atendidos en un periodo de 3 años. Resultados: Se incluyeron 59 casos; predominó el sexo femenino (54,2%), la edad media fue de 59,3 años, la etiología más frecuente fue biliar (84,7%). Los puntajes de severidad promedio al ingreso fueron APACHE II de 12,4 puntos, SOFA de 4,9 puntos y Marshall modificado de 2,8 puntos; la falla orgánica más frecuente fue la respiratoria (47,5%). La estancia media en cuidados fue 13,9 días y en el hospital fue de 23,3 días. Ningún paciente con PA leve o moderada falleció durante su estancia hospitalaria, 6 pacientes con PA grave fallecieron durante su estancia hospitalaria (20% de los casos de PA grave). Conclusión: Los casos de nuestro hospital tuvieron un perfil clínico y terapéutico semejante al descrito en la literatura mundial y latinoamericano. Se evidenció una estancia hospitalaria mayor a la descrita en trabajos recientes, pero nuestra mortalidad fue menor.

ABSTRACT Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an acute inflammatory process of the pancreas that, according to the 2012 Atlanta classification, can be mild, moderate or severe. Objective: Describe the epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic and outcomes of patients with AP admitted to the intensive care and intermediate care unit of a general hospital and compare them with those described in the national and international literature. Materials and methods: Observational study of patients with AP treated over a period of 3 years. Results: 59 cases were included; the female sex prevailed (54.2%), the average age was 59.3 years, the most frequent etiology was biliary (84.7%). Average entry severity scores were APACHE II of 12.4 points, SOFA of 4.9 points and Marshall modified of 2.8 points; The most frequent organ failure was respiratory (47.5%). The average stay in care was 13.9 days and in the hospital it was 23.3 days. No patients with mild or moderate AP died during their hospital stay, 6 patients with severe AP died during their hospital stay (20% of cases of severe AP). Conclusion: The cases of our hospital had a clinical and therapeutic profile similar to that described in the world and Latin American literature. A hospital staying was greater than that described in recent works, but our mortality was lower.

Acute pancreatitis and recurrent acute pancreatitis: an exploration of clinical and etiologic factors and outcomes / Pancreatite aguda e pancreatite aguda recorrente: uma exploração de fatores clínicos e etiológicos e desfechos

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the epidemiology and clinical features of acute pancreatitis and recurrent acute pancreatitis in children. Methods: Observational and retrospective study with an analytical component. Patients were classified into two groups: Acute pancreatitis and recurrent pancreatitis. The relationship with each parameter obtained was analyzed using the chi-squared test, Student's t-test, or the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: There were 130 patients with acute pancreatitis; recurrent pancreatitis was diagnosed in 23.8% of the cases. The most frequent causes were anatomical (29.6%), pharmacological (19.2%), and biliary (14.6%), although in 29.2% etiology was not identified. Fasting lasted 3.5 ± 3.8 days and parenteral nutrition was indicated in 26.9% of the cases for 10.8 ± 11.3 days. A statistical association with anatomical (p = 0.02) and pharmacological causes (p = 0.01) was found in the recurrent pancreatitis group; no other differences between acute pancreatitis and recurrent pancreatitis groups were observed. The mortality rate was 3.1%, it was not attributable to acute pancreatitis in any cases. Conclusion: Acute pancreatitis is associated with a high frequency of acute recurrent pancreatitis. Severity and complications did not show statistically significant differences in this investigation. Anatomical etiologies were the most relevant cause in this cohort. Fasting time and parenteral nutrition use were relevant. Genetics testing is required in this population.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever a epidemiologia e as características clínicas da pancreatite aguda e da pancreatite aguda recorrente em crianças. Métodos: Estudo observacional e retrospectivo com um componente analítico. Os pacientes foram classificados em dois grupos: pancreatite aguda e pancreatite recorrente. A relação com cada parâmetro obtido foi analisada com o teste de qui-quadrado, teste t de Student ou teste U de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: Foram analisados 130 pacientes com pancreatite aguda; pancreatite recorrente foi diagnosticada em 23,8% dos casos. As causas mais frequentes foram anatômicas (29,6%), farmacológicas (19,2%) e biliares (14,6%), embora em 29,2% a etiologia não tenha sido identificada. O jejum durou 3,5 ± 3,8 dias e a nutrição parenteral foi indicada em 26,9% dos casos por 10,8 ± 11,3 dias. Uma associação estatística com causas anatômicas (p = 0,02) e farmacológicas (p = 0,01) foi encontrada no grupo com pancreatite recorrente; não foram observadas outras diferenças entre os grupos pancreatite aguda e pancreatite recorrente. A taxa de mortalidade foi de 3,1% e nenhum caso foi atribuível à pancreatite aguda. Conclusão: A pancreatite aguda está associada à alta frequência de pancreatite aguda recorrente. A gravidade e as complicações não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas nesta investigação. Etiologias anatômicas foram a causa mais relevante nesta coorte. O tempo de jejum e o uso de nutrição parenteral foram relevantes. Testes genéticos são necessários em nossas populações.

Infecciones intraabdominales: Puesta al día y recomendaciones de la sociedad Argentina de infectología / Intra-abdominal infections. Update and recommendations

Las infecciones intraabdominales constituyen un grupo de procesos intra y retroperitoneales, desde cuadros localizados hasta infecciones complicadas, sepsis o shock séptico, con elevada mortalidad. Representan la tercera causa de sepsis y la segunda causa de muerte en unidades de terapia intensiva. El tratamiento antimicrobiano debe iniciarse lo antes posible, especialmente en pacientes en estado crítico, pero también es fundamental el procedimiento de control del foco. Dada la importancia del tema, representantes de la Sociedad Argentina de Infectología junto con especialistas en Terapia Intensiva elaboraron estas recomendaciones sobre su diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención. A tal fin, revisaron y analizaron la bibliografía publicada sobre el tema en los últimos 10 años, además de la opinión de expertos y datos locales. El documento ofrece herramientas básicas de diagnóstico basadas en criterios clínicos y microbiológicos, orientación sobre esquemas antibióticos empíricos y dirigidos según foco de origen, lugar de adquisición (comunidad o asociadas al cuidado de la salud) y gravedad de la infección, duración del tratamiento, importancia del control del foco y medidas preventivas para reducir el riesgo de infección del sitio quirúrgico. Asimismo, se presenta un algoritmo sencillo de diagnóstico y tratamiento para uso en la actividad asistencial. El trabajo pone en evidencia la preocupación por el tratamiento de las infecciones intraabdominales, estableciendo pautas locales para mejorar su diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención, con el objeto de disminuir morbimortalidad, días de internación, costos y resistencia antimicrobiana.

Intra-abdominal infections represent a group of intra and retroperitoneal processes, ranging from localized infections to complicated ones, sepsis and septic shock, associated with a significant mortality rate. They are the third most commonly identified cause of sepsis and the second cause of death in the intensive care unit. Although antimicrobial therapy must be started as soon as possible, especially in critically ill patients, the source control procedure is highly relevant. On account of the importance of this subject, members of the Argentine Society of Infectious Diseases (SADI) and intensive care specialists joined to develop recommendations on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of intra-abdominal infections. The literature published within the last 10 years was reviewed and analyzed, in addition of expert opinions and local data. This statement provides a basic tool for diagnosis based on clinical and microbiological criteria, orientation on empirical antimicrobial therapy schemes according to source, acquisition place (community or healthcare associated infections), infection severity, treatment duration, importance of source control, and preventive measures aimed to reduce surgical site infection risk. Likewise, it provides a simple algorithm for diagnosis and treatment for use in clinical practice. The work reveals the concern about the management of intra-abdominal infections, establishing local guidelines to optimize diagnosis, treatment and prevention, with the aim of reducing morbidity, mortality, length of stay, costs and antimicrobial resistance.

Oportunidad quirúrgica de la colecistectomía laparoscópica en pacientes con pancreatitis aguda biliar leve / Timing to the surgical management for laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with mild acute pancreatitis

According to the present knowledge, patients with mild biliary acute pancreatitis, must be cholecystectomized early, to avoid complications and recurrences of new episodes, but there is not totally clear which is the maximum period of time that the surgery could be delayed without increating the risks. On the other hand, there are authors that emphasize the delay of the surgial rsolution of the cholelitriasis, in order to bring benefits for the recovery of the acute episode, decresing the operative complications. This rport discusses the surgical timing for laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patient after mild biliary acute pancreatitis. The aim of this report was to analyze the surgical findings observed in cholecysectomized patients at admittance, as well as in those operated in a deferred way, the same as to analyze the coplications appareared in both grups